The following information provides general guidelines for the content likely to be included on the exam. However, other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam.
Module 1: The Evolution of MPLS
Definition of MPLS
Pre-MPLS Protocols
Benefits of MPLS
Bogus Benefit
Use of One Unified Network Infrastructure
Better IP over ATM Integration
BGP-Free Core
Overlay VPN Model
Peer-to-Peer VPN Model
Optimal Traffic Flow
Traffic Engineering
History of MPLS in Cisco IOS
Module 2: MPLS Architecture
Introducing MPLS Labels
Label Stacking
Encoding of MPLS
MPLS and the OSI Reference Model
Label Switch Router
Label Switch Path
Forwarding Equivalence Class
Label Distribution
Label Distribution with LDP
Label Forwarding Instance Base
MPLS Payload
MPLS Label Spaces
Different MPLS Modes
Module 3: Forwarding Label Packets
Label Operation
IP Lookup Versus Label Lookup
Load Balancing Labeled Packets
Labels
TTL Behavior of Labeled Packets
TTL Behavior in the Case of IP-to-Label or Label-to-Label
TTL Expiration
MPLS MTU and MUPLS MTU Command
Giant Frames on Switches
MPLS Maximum Receive Unit
Fragmentation of MPLS Packets
Path MTU Discovery
Module 4: Label Distribution Protocol
LDP Overview
LDP Operation
LDP Session Establishment and Maintenance
Number of LDP Sessions
Advertising of Label Mappings
Label Withdrawing
Housekeeping by Means of Notification
Targeted LDP Session
LDP Authentication
Controlling the Advertisement of Labels via LDP
MPLS LDP Inbound Label Binding Filtering
LDP Autoconfiguration
MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization
How MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization Works
MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization Configuration
MPLS LDP Session Protection
Module 5: MPLS and ATM Architecture
Brief Introduction to ATM
Label Encoding
Label Advertisement
Downstream-on-Demand Label Advertisement
LDP Control Mode for ATM
LCP for LC-ATM
Loop Detection by LDP
Loop Detection by Hop Count TLV
TTL Manipulation
Loop Detection by Path Vector TLV
LDP Address Messages
Aggregate Labels
VC-Merge
Non MPLS-Aware ATM Switches
Label Switch Controller
Multi-Virtual Circuit Tagged Bit Rate
MPLS CoS
Frame Mode ATM
Reducing the Number of LVCs
Module 6: Cisco Express Forwarding
Overview of Cisco IOS Switching Methods
Why is CEF Needed in MPLS Networks?
What Are the Components of CEF?
Operation of CEF
Distributed CEF (DCEF)
CEF Switching Packets in Hardware
Load Balancing in CEF
Unequal Cost Load Balancing
Label IP Packets by CEF
Load Balancing Labeled Packets
Troubleshooting CEF
Module 7: MPLS VPN
Introduction to MPLS VPN
Architectural Overview of MPLS VPN
Virtual Routing Forwarding
Route Distinguisher (RDs – Unique Identifier)
Route Targets (RTs)
VPNv4 Route Propagation In the MPLS VPN Network
Packet Forwarding in an MPLS VPN Network
BGP
Packet Forwarding
PE-CE Routing Protocols
Hub-and-Spoke
SOO
VRF Access
Internet Access
Internet in a VPN
Internet Access Through the Global Routing Table
Internet Access Through the Global Routing Table with Static Routes
Internet Access Through a Central VRF Site
Multi-VRF CE
OSPF VRF-Lite Command
CE Management
Module 8: MPLS Traffic Engineering
The need for MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE)
Overview of the Operation of MPLS TE
Distribution of TE Information
Routing and Cost of a TE LSP
MPLS TE Tunnel (Trunk) Attributes
TE Tunnel Path Calculation
Dual TE Metrics
Path Calculation Algorithm (PCALC)
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
Fast ReRouting (FRR)
Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLG) Used by Backup Tunnels
Forwarding Traffic onto MPLS TE Tunnels
Cost Calculation of IGP Routes over TE Tunnels
MPLS TE and MPLS VPN
Module 9: IPv6 over MPLS
Introduction to IPv6
The Driving Forces for IPv6
Overview of the IPv6 Protocol
Overview of IPv6 Unicast Routing in Cisco IOS
Carrying IPv6 over an MPLS Backbone
MPLS VPN Network Using IPv6 over IPv6 Tunnels on the CE Routers
Carrying IPv6 over an MPLS Backbone (6PE)
Carrying IPv6 in VPNs Across an MPLS Backbone (6VPE)
Module 10: Any Transport over MPLS
Understanding the Need for AToM
Transporting Layer 2 Frames
AToM Architecture
The Control Word
MPLS MTU in the MPLS Backbone
The Basic AToM Configuration
Transported Layer 2 Protocols
Dot1q Tunneling (QinQ) over AToM
ATM Tunnel Selection
AToM and QoS
Module 11: Virtual Private LAN Service
Need for Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)
VPLS Architecture
VPLS Data Plane
VPLS Signaling
The Basic VPLS Configuration
Verifying the VPLS Operation
VPLS and Tunneling Layer 2 Protocols
Trunk Port Between the CE and PE
Hierarchical VPLS
Quality of Service
Limiting MAC Addresses
Routing Peering
Module 12: MPLS and Quality of Service
MPLS and Quality of Service
Differential Services (DiffServ) with IP Packets
DiffServ with MPLS Packets
Default MPLS QoS Behavior in Cisco IOS
DiffServ Tunneling Models
Recoloring the Packet
Modular QoS Command Line Interface (MQC) Commands for MPLS QoS
Moving MPLS QoS from the PE to the CE Router
Implementing the DiffServ Tunneling Models in Cisco IOS
The Table-Map Feature
The Use of MPLS QoS for Ethernet over MPLS
Module 13: Troubleshooting MPLS Networks
Label Stack Depth
Verifying Label Switched Path
Tracerouting in MPLS Networks
Tracerouting in an IP Network
Label-Aware ICMP
TTL Behavior in MPLS Networks
Tracerouting in MPLS Networks
Problems with Traceroute in MPLS Networks
MPLS IP TTL-Expiration POP Command
No MPLS IP Propagate-ttl
MPLS MTU
Ping
Debug MPLS Packets
Debug Load Balancing of Labeled Packets
Verifying MPLS on the Interface
Verifying Number of Bytes Label Switched
MPLS-Aware NetFlow
Module 14: MPLS Operation and Maintenance
Requirements of MPLS Operation and Maintenance (OAM)
Router Alert Option and Router Alert Label
Load Balancing
Pseudowire Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification (VCCV)
IP Service Level Agreement
Virtual Routing/Forwarding (VRF)-Aware IP SLA
Netflow Accounting
SNMP/MIBs
Syslog
Operation and Maintenance (OAM) Message Mapping
Module 15: The Future of MPLS
New MPLS Applications
Work at IETF
MPLS Control Word
RFS Retention
AToM Fragmentation and Reassembly
Circuit Emulation
GMPLS
OAM Protocols
MPLS Labeled Multicast
The Proliferation of MPLS